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10 Key sources of preventable patient harm could include the actions of healthcare professionals (errors of omission or commission), healthcare system failures, or involve a combination of errors made by individuals, system failures, and patient characteristics. 9 Most studies classify patient harm as preventable if it occurs as a result of an identifiable modifiable cause, and its future recurrence can be avoided by reasonable adaptation to a process, or adherence to guidelines, although universal consensus has not been established. In recent years, the recognition that a proportion of patient harm is not preventable has increased attention to the notion of preventable patient harm. For example, some adverse drug reactions which occur in the absence of any error in the prescription process and without the possibility of detection are less likely to be preventable. However, this goal is not feasible because some harms cannot be avoided in clinical practice.

8 In principle, zero harm would be the ideal goal. 6 7Įarly detection and prevention of patient harm in healthcare is an international policy priority. It is estimated that 10-15% of healthcare expenditure is consumed by the direct sequelae of healthcare-related patient harm. 4 5 Harmful patient incidents are also a major financial burden for healthcare systems across the globe. 1 2 The World Health Organization defines patient harm as “an incident that results in harm to a patient such as impairment of structure or function of the body and/or any deleterious effect arising there from or associated with plans or actions taken during the provision of healthcare, rather than an underlying disease or injury, and may be physical, social or psychological (eg, disease, injury, suffering, disability and death).” 3 The health burden and patient experiencing healthcare-related patient harm has been reported to be comparable to chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and cervical cancer in developed countries, and tuberculosis and malaria in developing countries. Patient harm during healthcare is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality internationally.

4Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.3Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.2Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.1NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.Razaan Haneef, foundation year 2 doctor 3,.Aseel Abuzour, postdoctoral research associate 2,.